Cooling systems and heat exchangers for cooling computer components

ABSTRACT

Computer systems having heat exchangers for cooling computer components are disclosed herein. The computer systems include a computer cabinet having an air inlet, an air outlet spaced apart from the air inlet, and a plurality of computer module compartments positioned between the air inlet and the air outlet. The air inlet, the air outlet, and the computer module compartments define an air flow path through the computer cabinet. The computer systems also include a heat exchanger positioned between two adjacent computer module compartments. The heat exchanger includes a plurality of heat exchange elements canted relative to the air flow path.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO APPLICATION(S) INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

The present application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/862,002 filed Aug. 24, 2010, and entitled “COOLING SYSTEMS AND HEAT EXCHANGERS FOR COOLING COMPUTER COMPONENTS,” which is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/958,114 filed Dec. 17, 2007, and entitled “COOLING SYSTEMS AND HEAT EXCHANGERS FOR COOLING COMPUTER COMPONENTS,” each of which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates generally to cooling systems and heat exchangers for cooling electronic components in computer systems.

BACKGROUND

Supercomputers and other large computer systems typically include a large number of computer modules housed in cabinets arranged in banks. The computer modules are typically positioned in close proximity to each other. During operation, the close proximity can make dissipating heat generated by the modules difficult. If not dissipated, the heat can damage the modules or significantly reduce system performance.

One conventional technique for computer module cooling includes drawing air into the cabinet to cool the computer modules and discharging the heated air to the room. One shortcoming of this technique, however, is that the heat capacity of the cooling air can quickly become saturated. As a result, some of the computer modules may not be adequately cooled. Accordingly, there is a need to effectively dissipate heat generated by computer modules during operation.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A is a partially schematic elevation view of a computer system having internal heat exchangers configured in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 1B is an enlarged perspective view of a heat exchanger having canted heat exchange elements configured in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 1C is an enlarged, cross-sectional side view of two heat exchange elements from the heat exchanger of FIG. 1B, configured in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional side view of a heat exchange element having non-identical internal channels configured in accordance with another embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 3 is a front view of a heat exchange element having a plurality of fin configurations positioned along an air flow path in accordance with another embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a heat exchanger having partitioned inlet and/or outlet manifolds configured in accordance with another embodiment of the invention and suitable for use in the computer system of FIG. 1A.

FIG. 5 is a top view of a heat exchanger having counter-flowing working fluids configured in accordance with a further embodiment of the invention and suitable for use in the computer system of FIG. 1A.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following disclosure describes several embodiments of cooling systems for use with supercomputers and/or other computer systems. Persons of ordinary skill in the art will understand, however, that the invention can have other embodiments with additional features, or without several of the features shown and described below with reference to FIGS. 1-5. In the Figures, identical reference numbers identify structurally and/or functionally identical, or at least generally similar, elements.

FIG. 1A is a partially schematic elevation view of a computer system 100 having a plurality of internal heat exchangers 118 (identified individually as heat exchangers 118 a-d) configured in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. The computer system 100 can include a computer cabinet 102 in a room 101. Working fluid lines 106 (identified individually as a supply line 106 a and a return line 106 b) connect the computer cabinet 102 to a heat removal system 104. In the illustrated embodiment, the heat removal system 104 is situated in the room 101 and spaced apart from the computer cabinet 102. In other embodiments, however, the heat removal system 104 can be integrated into the computer cabinet 102, positioned outside the room 101, or situated in other suitable places.

The computer cabinet 102 can include an air inlet 114 for receiving cooling air from the room 101 or a floor plenum (not shown), an air outlet 116 for discharging air to the room 101, and a plurality of computer module compartments 120 (identified individually as first, second, and third computer module compartments 120 a-c, respectively) arranged vertically between the air inlet 114 and the air outlet 116 in a chassis 110. Individual computer module compartments 120 hold a plurality of computer modules 112 oriented edgewise with respect to the flow of cooling air through the chassis 110.

The computer cabinet 102 can also hold a plurality of heat exchangers 118 in the chassis 110. As described in greater detail below with reference to FIGS. 1B-4, the individual heat exchangers 118 can be configured to receive a working fluid (not shown) from the heat removal system 104 via the supply line 106 a. After flowing through the heat exchangers 118, the working fluid returns to the heat removal system 104 via the return line 106 b. The working fluid can include hydrofluorocarbons, hydrochlorofluorocarbons, chlorofluorocarbons, ammonia, and/or other suitable refrigerants known in the art. The working fluid can include a vapor phase fluid, a liquid phase fluid, or a two-phase fluid when flowing through the heat exchangers 118.

The computer cabinet 102 can additionally include an air mover 130 (e.g., a fan) positioned proximate to the air inlet 114 to facilitate movement of the cooling air through the chassis 110 along a flow path 117. The air mover 130 can draw air from the room 101 or a floor plenum into the chassis 110 through the air inlet 114. The air then flows through the chassis 110 past the computer modules 112, and exits the chassis 110 via the air outlet 116.

The heat removal system 104 can include a pump 124 in fluid communication with a condenser 122. The condenser 122 can be a shell-and-tube type heat exchanger, a plate-and-frame type heat exchanger, or other suitable type of heat exchanger known in the art. The condenser 122 can include a working fluid inlet 126 a for receiving heated working fluid returning from the computer cabinet 102, and a working fluid outlet 126 b for supplying cooled working fluid to the pump 124. The condenser 122 can also include a coolant inlet 128 a and a coolant outlet 128 b for circulating chilled water, cooling water, or other suitable coolant (not shown) to cool the working fluid. The pump 124 can include a positive displacement pump, a centrifugal pump, or other suitable type of pump for circulating the working fluid back to the heat exchangers 118 via the supply line 106 a.

During operation of the computer system 100, the air mover 130 draws air into the chassis 110 through the air inlet 114. The first heat exchanger 118 a cools the air before it flows into the first compartment 120 a. As the air flows through the first compartment 120 a, the computer modules 112 in the first compartment 120 a transfer heat to the air. The second heat exchanger 118 b then cools the air before the air passes into the second compartment 120 b by absorbing heat from the air into the working fluid. The air is similarly cooled by the third heat exchanger 118 c before flowing into the third compartment 120 c. The fourth heat exchanger 118 d then cools the heated air leaving the third compartment 120 c before the air is discharged to the room 101 via the air outlet 116.

In one embodiment, the working fluid is in phase transition between liquid and vapor as the working fluid leaves the heat exchangers 118. In other embodiments, the working fluid can have other phase conditions at this time. The heated working fluid from the heat exchangers 118 returns to the condenser 122 via the return line 106 b. The coolant in the condenser 122 cools the working fluid before the pump 124 circulates the working fluid back to the heat exchangers 118.

Only a single computer cabinet 102 is shown in FIG. 1A for purposes of illustration and ease of reference. In other embodiments, however, supercomputers and other large computer systems can include a plurality of computer cabinets arranged in banks or other configurations. In such embodiments, the heat removal system 104 can provide working fluid to one or more of the computer cabinets 102 via an appropriately configured piping circuit. Further, although the heat exchangers 118 have been described above in the context of working fluid-type heat exchangers, in other embodiments, other types of heat exchangers can be used to inter-cool the air moving through the compartments 120 without departing from the spirit or scope of the present invention.

FIG. 1B is an enlarged perspective view of one of the heat exchangers 118 configured in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. The heat exchanger 118 can include a plurality of heat exchange elements 132 extending between and in fluid communication with an inlet manifold 134 and an outlet manifold 135. Although four heat exchange elements 132 are shown in FIG. 1B, in other embodiments, the heat exchanger 118 can include more or fewer heat exchange elements 132 depending on a number of factors including heat load, cost, manufacturability, etc.

The inlet manifold 134 can include a distribution section 137 c extending between an inlet port 137 a and a capped inlet end 137 b. In the illustrated embodiment, the distribution section 137 c includes a generally tubular structure (e.g., a section of a pipe or a tube) with a plurality of first slots 137 d arranged along a length of the distribution section 137 c. The first slots 137 d are configured to receive first end portions of the heat exchange elements 132. In other embodiments, the distribution section 137 c can have other configurations to accommodate other factors.

In the illustrated embodiment, the outlet manifold 135 is generally similar to the inlet manifold 134. For example, the outlet manifold 135 includes a collection section 139 c extending between an outlet port 139 a and a capped outlet end 139 b. The collection section 139 c includes a generally tubular structure with a plurality of second slots 139 d arranged along a length of the collection section 139 c in one-to-one correspondence with the first slots 137 d. In other embodiments, the outlet manifold 135 can have other configurations, including others that differ from the inlet manifold 134. For example, the collection section 139 c can have a different cross-sectional shape and/or a different size than the distribution section 137 c.

The individual heat exchange elements 132 can include a plurality of fins 142 extending from a passage portion 140. A first end portion 132 a of the passage portion 140 is coupled to the inlet manifold 134 via the first slots 137 d, and a second end portion 132 b of the passage portion 140 is coupled to the outlet manifold 135 via the second slots 139 d. In the illustrated embodiment, the passage portion 140 extends into both the inlet manifold 134 and the outlet manifold 135. In other embodiments, however, the ends of the passage portion 140 can be generally flush with the first and/or second slots 137 d, 139 d. Further details of several embodiments of the passage portion 140 are described below with reference to FIG. 1C.

FIG. 1C is an enlarged side view of two of the heat exchange elements 132 of FIG. 1B, configured in accordance with one embodiment of the invention. As illustrated in FIG. 1C, the heat exchange elements 132 can be at least generally parallel to each other with a gap D (e.g., from about 1 cm to about 2 cm, or any other desired spacing) therebetween. In other embodiments, however, at least some of the heat exchange elements 132 can be nonparallel to the other heat exchange elements 132. The gap D can form an air passage 136 in fluid communication with the air flow path 117. The air passage 136 allows cooling air to flow past the heat exchange elements 132 during operation of the computer system 100.

In certain embodiments, individual heat exchange elements 132 can be canted relative to the incoming air flow path 117 a. For example, as illustrated in FIG. 1C, the heat exchange elements 132 can form an angle A of from about 10° to about 45°, preferably from about 15° to about 40°, and more preferably about 20° to about 30° relative to the air flow path 117 a. In other embodiments, the heat exchange elements 132 and the air flow path 117 a can form other suitable angles. Each of the heat exchange elements 132 can form the same angle or different angles relative to the air flow path 117. For example, the angles can increase or decrease (e.g., linearly, exponentially, etc.) from one heat exchange element 132 to another.

The individual heat exchange elements 132 can include a plurality of internal fluid channels 144 (identified individually as first, second, third, and fourth internal channels 144 a-d, respectively). In the illustrated embodiment, the internal channels 144 have generally the same cross-sectional shape, e.g., a generally rectangular shape, and generally the same cross-sectional area. In other embodiments, however, the internal channels 144 can have other cross-sectional shapes, such as triangular shapes, circular shapes, oval shapes, and/or other suitable shapes and/or cross-sectional areas. In further embodiments, the internal channels 144 can have non-identical configurations, as described in more detail below with reference to FIG. 2.

Referring to FIG. 1B and FIG. 1C together, in operation, a working fluid (not shown) flows into the inlet manifold 134 via the inlet port 137 a, as indicated by the arrow 131 a. The inlet manifold 134 distributes the working fluid to the internal channels 144 at the first end 132 a of each of the heat exchange elements 132. The working fluid flows across the heat exchange elements 132 from the first end 132 a toward the second end 132 b. As the working fluid flows across the heat exchange elements 132, the working fluid absorbs heat from cooling air flowing through the air passage 136 and/or past the fins 142. As a result, in one embodiment, the working fluid can be at least partially vaporized (i.e., a two-phase fluid) at the outlet manifold 135. In other embodiments, the working fluid can be sub-cooled at the outlet manifold 135. In further embodiments, the working fluid can be substantially completely vaporized at the outlet manifold 135. In all these embodiments, the collection section 139 c of the outlet manifold 135 collects the heated working fluid and returns the heated working fluid to the heat removal system 104 (FIG. 1A) via the outlet port 139 a, as indicated by the arrow 131 b.

Canting the heat exchange elements 132 can improve heat distribution along a length L (FIG. 1C) of the heat exchange elements 132. For example, as the cooling air flows past the heat exchange elements 132, the working fluid in one of the internal channels 144 (e.g., the fourth internal channel 144 d) can absorb heat from air streams that have not been significantly cooled by working fluid flowing through other internal channels 144 (e.g., the first, second, and/or third internal channels 144 a-c). As a result, heat distribution along the length L of the heat exchange element 132 can be more efficient than with heat exchange elements arranged parallel to the air flow. The canted heat exchange elements 132 can also increase the heat transfer area without significantly affecting the height of the heat exchanger 118. Furthermore, the canted heat exchange elements 132 can improve energy distribution in the computer cabinet 102 (FIG. 1A) because the canted heat exchange elements 132 can deflect cooling air to other parts of the computer cabinet 102 during operation, as indicated by the arrow 117.

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional side view of a heat exchange element 232 having non-identical internal channels configured in accordance with another embodiment of the invention. As illustrated in FIG. 2, the heat exchange element 232 can include a plurality of internal channels 244 (identified individually as first, second, third, and fourth internal channel 244 a-d, respectively), and at least one internal channel 244 has a different internal configuration than others. For example, the cross-sectional area of the internal channels 244 can sequentially decrease from the first internal channel 244 a to the fourth internal channel 244 d. In other embodiments, the first and second internal channels 244 a-b can have a first cross-sectional area, and the third and fourth internal channels 244 c-d can have a second cross-sectional area, smaller than the first cross-sectional area. As the foregoing illustrates, in further embodiments, the internal channels 244 can have different cross-sectional shapes and/or other arrangements.

In operation, the different internal configurations of the internal channels 244 can allow the working fluid to have different mass flow rates when flowing through the internal channels 244. For example, in the illustrated embodiment, the first internal channel 244 a has a larger cross-sectional area than that of the second internal channel 244 b. As a result, the mass flow rate of working fluid through the first internal channel 244 a will be greater than the mass flow rate of the working fluid through the second internal channel 244 b for a given fluid pressure.

Controlling the flow rate of the working fluid flowing through individual internal channels 244 can improve heat transfer performance of the heat exchange element 232. The inventor has recognized that, in certain situations, the working fluid flowing through the first internal channel 244 a can be completely vaporized before and/or when it reaches the outlet manifold 135 (FIG. 1B). The completely vaporized working fluid typically cannot efficiently transfer heat because of a low heat capacity. By increasing the flow rate of the working fluid flowing through the first internal channel 244 a, the working fluid can be at least a two-phase fluid when it reaches the outlet manifold 135, thus improving the heat transfer efficiency.

In other embodiments, the heat exchange element 232 can include other features that affect the mass flow rate of the working fluid in the internal channels 244. For example, individual internal channels 244 can include an orifice, a nozzle, and/or other flow restricting components. In another example, the heat exchange element 232 can include a barrier (not shown) that partially blocks the cross-section of at least one of the internal channels 244.

FIG. 3 is a front view of a heat exchange element 332 having a fin configuration configured in accordance with a further embodiment of the invention. In this embodiment, the heat exchange element 332 includes a first fin portion 342 a and a second fin portion 342 b arranged along the air flow path 117. The first fin portion 342 a can include a plurality of first fins 343 a, and the second fin portion 342 b can include a plurality of second fins 343 b, different than the first fins 343 a. For example, in the illustrated embodiment, the second fin portion 342 b can have a larger number of fins 343 b than the first fin portion 342 a. In another embodiment, the second fin portion 342 b can include different types of fins than the first fin portion 342 a (e.g., the second fins 343 b can have different heights, thicknesses, etc). In a further embodiment, the second fins 343 b can have a higher heat conductance than the first fins 343 a. In any of these embodiments, the second fin portion 342 b can have a higher heat transfer coefficient that the first fin portion 342 a.

Having different fin configurations along the air flow path 117 can improve the heat transfer efficiency between the working fluid and the cooling air. The inventor has recognized that if the fins have the same configuration along the length L of the heat exchange element 332, the working fluid flowing through the fourth internal channel 144 d (FIG. 1C) is likely to be mostly liquid when it reaches the outlet manifold 135 (FIG. 1B). Thus, the heat transfer between the working fluid and the cooling air is limited because the mostly liquid working fluid typically has a latent heat capacity much lower than its heat of vaporization. The inventor has further recognized that the limiting factor in the heat transfer between the working fluid and the cooling air is the heat transfer rate between the fins and the cooling air. Thus, by increasing the heat transfer efficiency and/or capability of the second fin portion 342 b, the heat transfer between the working fluid in the fourth internal channel 144 d and the cooling air can be improved.

FIG. 4 is a partially exploded perspective view of a heat exchanger 418 configured in accordance with another embodiment of the invention and suitable for use in the computer system 100 of FIG. 1A. Many features of the heat exchanger 418 can be at least generally similar in structure and function to the heat exchangers 118 describe above. For example, the heat exchanger 418 can include a plurality of heat exchange elements 432 extending between an inlet manifold 434 and an outlet manifold 435. The individual heat exchange elements 432 can include a plurality of fins 442 extending from a passage portion 440. The passage portion 440 can be generally similar to the passage portion 140 of FIGS. 1B and 1C, or the passage portion 240 of FIG. 2.

The inlet manifold 434 can include a distribution section 437 c extending between an inlet opening 437 a and a capped inlet end 437 b. The inlet manifold 434 can also include an inlet divider 448 extending between the inlet opening 437 a and the inlet end 437 b. The inlet divider 448 separates the distribution section 437 c into a first inlet volume 450 a and a second inlet volume 450 b. The inlet divider 448 also separates the inlet opening 437 a into a first inlet port 452 a and a second inlet port 452 b.

In the illustrated embodiment, the outlet manifold 435 is generally similar to the inlet manifold 434. For example, the outlet manifold 435 includes a collection section 439 c extending between an outlet opening 439 a and a capped outlet end 439 b. The outlet manifold 435 can also include an outlet divider 458 that separates the collection section 439 c into a first outlet volume 460 a and a second outlet volume 460 b. The outlet divider 458 also separates the outlet opening 439 a into a first outlet port 462 a and a second outlet port 462 b.

The inlet and outlet dividers 448, 458 cooperate to separate the internal channels 144 (FIGS. 1C) of individual heat exchange elements 432 into a first channel portion 444 a corresponding to the first inlet/outlet volumes 450 a, 460 a and a second channel portion 444 b corresponding to the second inlet/outlet volumes 450 b, 460 b. Thus, the first inlet volume 450 a, the first channel portion 444 a, and the first outlet volume 460 a form a first flow path of the heat exchanger 418. Similarly, the second inlet volume 450 b, the second channel portion 444 b, and the second outlet volume 460 b form a second flow path of the heat exchanger 418. The first and second flow paths are isolated from each other and arranged along the air flow path 117.

In operation, the heat exchanger 418 can receive a first working fluid portion via the first inlet port 452 a, as indicated by arrow 470 a, and a second working fluid portion via the second inlet port 452 b, as indicated by arrow 472 a. The first and second inlet volumes 450 a-b distribute the first and second working fluid portions to the first and second channel portions 444 a-b, respectively. The first and second working fluid portions flow across the heat exchange elements 432, as indicated by arrows 470 b and 472 b, respectively. As the first and second working fluid portions flow across the heat exchange elements 432, they absorb heat from the cooling air flowing past the fins 442. The first and second outlet volumes 460 a-b collect the heated first and second working fluid portions and returns them to the heat removal system 104 (FIG. 1A) via the first and second outlet ports 462 a and 462 b, respectively, as indicated by arrows 470 c and 472 c, respectively.

The first and second working fluid portions can have different physical characteristics. For example, in one embodiment, the first working fluid portion can have a mass flow rate that is less than the second working fluid portion. In another embodiment, the first working fluid portion can have a higher heat transfer coefficient than the second working fluid portion. In a further embodiment, the first working fluid portion can have a lower boiling point than the second working fluid portion. In yet another embodiment, the first working fluid portion can have a higher heat of vaporization than the second working fluid portion.

By controlling the physical characteristics of the first and second working fluid portions, the heat exchanger 418 can have improved heat transfer performance compared to conventional heat exchangers. The inventor has recognized that if the same working fluid is flowing through all the internal channels of the heat exchange elements 432, the working fluid in those channels proximate to the incoming cooling air is likely to be completely vaporized, while the working fluid in other channels spaced apart from the incoming cooling air may still be in liquid phase. Thus, by selecting appropriate heat transfer characteristics of the first and second working fluids, an operator can improve the heat transfer between the working fluid and the cooling air.

Although the inlet divider 448 and the outlet divider 458 are illustrated in FIG. 4 as being generally perpendicular to the air flow path 117, in other embodiments, at least one of the inlet divider 448 and the outlet divider 458 can be canted relative to the air flow path 117. In further embodiments, at least one of the inlet divider 448 and the outlet divider 458 can be omitted, and/or at least one of the first and second inlet/outlet volumes 450 a-b, 460 a-b can be standalone structures. For example, the first and second inlet volumes 450 a-b can each include a generally tubular structure and spaced apart from each other.

FIG. 5 is a top view of a heat exchanger 518 configured in accordance with a further embodiment of the invention and suitable for use in the computer system 100 of FIG. 1A. Many features of the heat exchanger 518 can be at least generally similar in structure and function to the heat exchangers 118 describe above. For example, the heat exchanger 518 can include a plurality of heat exchange elements 532 (identified individually as first, second, third, and fourth heat exchange elements 532 a-d, respectively) extending between a first manifold 534 and a second manifold 535. The individual heat exchange elements 532 can include a passage portion 540 and have a plurality of fins 542 extending from the passage portion 540. The passage portion 540 can be generally similar to the passage portion 140 of FIGS. 1B and 1C, or FIG. 2.

The first manifold 534 can include a first intermediate section 537 c extending between a first opening 537 a and a capped first end 537 b. The first manifold 534 can also include a first divider 548 extending between the first opening 537 a and the first end 537 b. The first divider 548 separates the first intermediate section 537 c into a first distribution volume 550 a and a first collection volume 550 b. The first divider 548 also separates the first opening 537 a into a first inlet port 552 a and a first outlet port 552 b.

The first distribution volume 550 a and the first collection volume 550 b are in fluid communication with only a portion of the heat exchange elements 532. For example, in the illustrated embodiment, the first distribution volume 550 a is in fluid communication with the second and fourth heat exchange elements 532 b, 532 d, and the first collection volume 550 b is in fluid communication with the first and third heat exchange elements 532 a, 532 c. In other embodiments, the first manifold 534 can also have other flow configurations.

The second manifold 535 can include a second intermediate section 539 c extending between a second opening 539 a and a capped second end 539 b. The second manifold 535 can also include a second divider 558 extending between the second opening 539 a and the second end 539 b. The second divider 558 separates the second intermediate section 539 c into a second distribution volume 560 a and a second collection volume 560 b. The second divider 558 also separates the second opening 539 a into a second inlet port 562 a and a second outlet port 562 b.

The second distribution volume 560 a and the second collection volume 560 b are in fluid communication with only a portion of the heat exchange elements 532. For example, in the illustrated embodiment, the second distribution volume 560 a is in fluid communication with the first and third heat exchange elements 532 a, 532 c, and the second collection volume 560 b is in fluid communication with the second and fourth heat exchange elements 532 b, 532 d. In other embodiments, the second manifold 535 can also have other flow configurations.

The heat exchanger 518 can thus have a first flow path from the first inlet port 552 a to the second outlet port 562 b via the first distribution volume 550 a, the second and fourth heat exchange elements 532 b, 532 d, and the second collection volume 560 b. The heat exchanger 518 can also have a second flow path from the second inlet port 562 a to the first outlet port 552 b via the second distribution volume 560 a, the first and third heat exchange elements 532 a, 532 c, and the first collection volume 550 b.

In operation, the heat exchanger 518 can receive a first working fluid portion via the first inlet port 552 a, as indicated by arrow 570 a, and a second working fluid portion via the second inlet port 562 a, as indicated by arrow 572 a. The first and second distribution volumes 550 a, 560 a distribute the first and second working fluid portions to corresponding heat exchange elements 532. The first working fluid portion then flows across the second and fourth heat exchange elements 532 b, 532 d in a first direction, as indicated by arrow 570 b. The second working fluid portion then flows across the first and third heat exchange elements 532 a, 532 c in a second direction, as indicated by arrow 572 b. In the illustrated embodiment, the second direction is generally opposite the first direction. In other embodiments, the first and second directions can form an angle of about 120° to about 180°. As the first and second working fluid portions flow across the heat exchange elements 532, the cooling air flowing past the fins 542 heats the first and second working fluid portions. The first and second collection volumes 550 b, 560 b collect the heated first and second working fluid portions and return them to the heat removal system 104 (FIG. 1A) via the first and second outlet ports 552 b, 562 b, as indicated by arrows 570 c, 572 c, respectively.

By flowing the first and second working fluid portions in generally opposite directions, the heat exchanger 518 can have improved heat transfer efficiency compared to conventional heat exchangers. The inventor has recognized that the heat transfer efficiency decreases as the first and/or second portions of working fluid flow across the heat exchange elements. Thus, if the first and second working fluid portions flow in the same direction, one side of the heat exchanger 518 may have insufficient heat transfer. However, by alternating the flow directions of the first and second working fluid portions, the heat transfer efficiency between the first and second working fluid portions and the cooling air can be improved.

From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that specific embodiments of the invention have been described herein for purposes of illustration, but that various modifications may be made without deviating from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, the heat exchangers shown in FIGS. 4 and 5 can also incorporate the heat exchange elements shown in FIGS. 2 and 3. In another example, the heat exchanger shown in FIG. 1B can also incorporate the inlet/outlet manifolds of FIG. 4 or FIG. 5. Further, while advantages associated with certain embodiments of the invention have been described in the context of those embodiments, other embodiments may also exhibit such advantages, and not all embodiments need necessarily exhibit such advantages to fall within the scope of the invention. Accordingly, the invention is not limited, except as by the appended claims. 

1-16. (canceled)
 17. A computer system, comprising: a computer cabinet having a plurality of computer module compartments positioned between an air inlet and an air outlet, wherein the air inlet, the air outlet, and the computer module compartments define an air flow path through the computer cabinet; and a heat exchanger positioned between two adjacent computer module compartments, the heat exchanger including: a first manifold having a first divider separating the first manifold into a first inlet volume and a first outlet volume; a second manifold having a second divider separating the second manifold into a second inlet volume and a second outlet volume; a first heat exchange element in fluid communication with the first inlet volume and the second outlet volume while being isolated from the second inlet volume and the first outlet volume; and a second heat exchange element in fluid communication with the second inlet volume and the first outlet volume while being isolated from the first inlet volume and the second outlet volume, wherein the first inlet volume, the first heat exchange element, and the second outlet volume at least partially define a first flow path and the second inlet volume, the second heat exchange element, and the first outlet volume at least partially define a second flow path in fluid isolation from the first flow path.
 18. The computer system of claim 17, further comprising a first working fluid portion in the first flow path and a second working fluid portion in the second flow path, and wherein the first working fluid portion and the second working fluid portion have different flow directions when flowing through the first and second heat exchange elements.
 19. The computer system of claim 17, further comprising a first working fluid portion in the first flow path and a second working fluid portion in the second flow path, and wherein computer system further includes a directing means for directing the first working fluid portion to flow through the first heat exchange element in a first direction and the second working fluid portion to flow through the second heat exchange element in a second direction opposite of the first direction.
 20. (canceled)
 21. (canceled)
 22. A method for operating a computer cabinet having a plurality of computer module compartments positioned between an air inlet and an air outlet and a heat exchanger positioned between two adjacent computer module compartments, the method comprising: flowing a first working fluid portion along a first inlet volume in a first manifold of the heat exchanger; flowing a second working fluid portion along a second inlet volume in a second manifold of the heat exchanger, wherein the second manifold is spaced apart from the first manifold; flowing the first working fluid portion from the first inlet volume along a first flow path in a first internal channel of an individual heat exchange element of the heat exchanger; flowing the second working fluid portion from the second inlet volume along a second flow path in a second internal channel of the individual heat exchange element of the heat exchanger, the first and second internal channels being in fluid isolation from each other; flowing the first working fluid portion from the first internal channel into a first outlet volume of the second manifold; flowing the second working fluid portion from the second internal channel into a second outlet volume of the first manifold, wherein the first manifold includes a first divider separating the first manifold into the first inlet volume and the second outlet volume, wherein the second manifold includes a second divider separating the second manifold into the first outlet volume and the second inlet volume, wherein the first inlet volume is positioned toward a first end of the individual heat exchange element and the second inlet volume is positioned toward a second end of the individual heat exchange element opposite the first end, wherein the first outlet volume is positioned toward the second end of the individual heat exchange element and the second outlet volume is positioned toward the first end of the individual heat exchange element, and wherein the first and second working fluids portions flow in generally opposite directions across the individual heat exchange element.
 23. The method of claim 22, further comprising controlling at least one characteristic of at least one of the first and second working fluid portions.
 24. The method of claim 22, further comprising controlling a flow rate, a heat transfer coefficient, a boiling point, and/or a heat of vaporization of at least one of the first and second working fluid portions.
 25. The method of claim 22, further comprising drawing air into the computer cabinet via the air inlet, flowing the air through the heat exchanger and past the individual heat exchange element, and discharging the air from the computer cabinet via the air outlet.
 26. The method of claim 22, further comprising flowing air along an air flow path through the heat exchanger and past the individual heat exchange element, wherein the first and second flow paths are arranged sequentially along the air flow path.
 27. A computer system, comprising: a computer cabinet having a plurality of computer module compartments positioned between an air inlet and an air outlet, wherein the air inlet, the air outlet, and the computer module compartments define an air flow path through the computer cabinet; and a heat exchanger positioned between two adjacent computer module compartments, the heat exchanger including: a first manifold having a first divider separating the first manifold into a first inlet volume and a first outlet volume; a second manifold having a second divider separating the second manifold into a second inlet volume and a second outlet volume; and at least one heat exchange element positioned between the first manifold and the second manifold, wherein the individual heat exchange element includes a first internal channel portion and a second internal channel portion, wherein the first internal channel portion is in fluid communication with the first inlet volume and the second outlet volume, and wherein the second internal channel portion is in fluid communication with the second inlet volume and the first outlet volume.
 28. The computer system of claim 27 wherein the first inlet volume, the first internal channel portion, and the second outlet volume at least partially define a first flow path, wherein the second inlet volume, the second internal channel portion, and the first outlet volume at least partially define a second flow path, and wherein the first flow path is in fluid isolation from the second flow path.
 29. The computer system of claim 28 wherein the first and second flow paths are arranged sequentially along the air flow path.
 30. The computer system of claim 28, further comprising a first working fluid portion in the first flow path and a second working fluid portion in the second flow path, wherein the first working fluid portion and the second working fluid portion have different flow directions when flowing through the individual heat exchange element.
 31. The computer system of claim 28, further comprising a first working fluid portion in the first flow path and a second working fluid portion in the second flow path, wherein the first working fluid portion has a first physical characteristic and the second working fluid portion has a second physical characteristic that is different than the first physical characteristic.
 32. The computer system of claim 28, further comprising a first working fluid portion in the first flow path and a second working fluid portion in the second flow path, wherein the first working fluid portion has at least one of a different flow rate, a different heat transfer coefficient, a different boiling point, or a different heat of vaporization than the second working fluid portion.
 33. The computer system of claim 27 wherein the individual heat exchange element carries a plurality of fins on an external portion thereof.
 34. The computer system of claim 27, wherein the at least one heat exchange element includes a plurality of heat exchange elements positioned between the first manifold and the second manifold, and wherein all of the heat exchange elements are functionally identical.
 35. The computer system of claim 17 wherein the first flow path is in fluid isolation from the second flow path.
 36. The computer system of claim 17, further comprising a first working fluid portion in the first flow path and a second working fluid portion in the second flow path, wherein the first working fluid portion has a first physical characteristic and the second working fluid portion has a second physical characteristic that is different than the first physical characteristic. 